La Relación entre la Inseguridad Laboral y el Bienestar Psicológico en una Muestra de Asistentes de Vuelo: El Papel Moderador del Engagement en el Trabajo
Keywords:
Job insecurity, work engagement, psychological well-beingAbstract
The aim of this study was to to examine the relationship between job insecurity and psychological well-being and how work engagement moderates this relationship. A cross-sectional design was used with a sample of 80 participants who worked as flight attendants based on the Luis Munoz Marin Airport in San Juan, Puerto Rico. It was found that job insecurity significantly correlated with anxiety levels, but does not predicted it; however, work engagement predicted anxiety levels. However, none of the variables correlated or predicted levels of depression. Moreover, work engagement moderated the relationship between job insecurity and anxiety levels where people with low work engagement and high job insecurity showed higher levels of anxiety. Theoretical and practical implications for organizations of results are discussed.
References
Aiken, L.S., & West, S.G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5ta. Ed.) Washington, D.C.: Autor.
Ashford, S.J., Lee, C., & Bobko, P. (1989). Content, causes, and consequences of job insecurity: A theory-based measure and substantive test. Academy of Management Journal, 4, 803-829. doi: jstor.org/stable/256569
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. The Career Development International, 13, 209–223. doi:
1108/13620430810870476
Barling, J., & Kelloway, K.E. (1996). Job insecurity and health: The moderating role of workplace control. Stress Medicine, 12, 253–259.
Beck, A.T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R.A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 117-128.
Beck, A.T., & Steer, R.A. (1993). Beck Anxiety Inventory Manual. San Antonio: Harcourt Brace and Company.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Garbin, M.G. (1998). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty- five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 77-100. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5
Borg, I., & Elizur, D. (1992). Job insecurity: Correlates, moderators and measurement. International Journal of Manpower, 13, 13–26. doi:10.1108/01437729210010210
Bosman, J., Rothmann, S., & Buitendach, J.H. (2005). Job insecurity, burnout, and work engagement: The impact of positive and negative affectivity. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 31(4), 48-56.
Brockner, J., Tyler, T.R., & Cooper-Schneider, R. (1992). The influence of prior commitment to an institution on reactions to perceived unfairness: They higher they are, the harder they fall. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(2), 241-261. doi:10.2307/2393223
Burchell, B. (2009). Flexicurity as a moderator of the relationship between job insecurity and psychological well-being. Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy and Society, 2, 365-378. doi: 10.1093/cjres/rsp021
Burchell, B. (2011). A temporal comparison of the effects of unemployment and job insecurity on well-being. Social Research Online, 16(1), 9. doi:10.5153/sro.2277
Burke, R. J., & Nelson, D. (1998). Mergers and acquisitions, downsizing, and privatization: A North American perspective. En M. K. Gowing, J. D. Kraft & J. C. Quick (Eds.), The new organizational reality: Downsizing, restructuring, and revitalization (pp. 21–54). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Cheng, G. H. L., & Chan, D. K. S. (2008). Who suffers more from job insecurity? A meta-analytic review. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57, 272–303. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007. 00312.x
Christensen, H., Jorm, A.F., Mackinnon, A.J., Korten, A.E., Jacomb, P.A., Henderson, A.S., & Rodgers, B. (1999). Age differences in depression and anxiety symptoms: a structural equation modelling analysis of data from a general population simple. Psychological Medicine, 29(2), 325-339.
Christian, M. S., Garza, A. S., & Slaughter, J. E. (2011). Work engagement: A quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Personnel Psychology, 64, 89–136. doi: 10.1111/j.1744- 6570.2010. 01203.x
Coetzee, M., & de Villiers, M. (2010). Sources of job stress, work engagement and career orientations of employees in a South African financial institution. Southern African Business Review, 14 (1), 27-58.
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Davy, J.A., Kinicki, A.J., & Scheck, C.L. (1997). A test of job security’s direct and mediated effects on withdrawal cognitions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 323–349.
De Cuyper, N., Bernhard-Oettel, C., Berntson, E., DeWitte, H., & Alarco, B. (2008). Employability and employees’ well-being: Mediation by job insecurity. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57 (3), 488-509. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008. 00332.x
Demerouti, E., & Cropanzano, R. (2010). From thought to action: Employee work engagement and job performance. In A. B. Bakker & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 147–163). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
DeWitte, H. (1999). Job insecurity and psychological well- being: Review of the literature and exploration of some unresolved issues. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(2), 155–177.
Fox, S., & Spector, P. E. (1999). A model of work frustration- aggression. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 915-931. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199911)20:6<915: AID-JOB918>3.0.CO;2-6
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218-226. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
Furr, R.M., & Bacharach, V.R. (2008). Psychometrics: An introduction. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.
Gorwing, M.K., Kraft, J.D., & Campbell Quick, J. (1998). The new organizational reality: Downsizing, restructuring, and revitalization. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Greenhalgh, L., & Rosenblatt, Z. (1984). Job insecurity: Toward conceptual clarity. Academy of Management Review, 3, 438-448. doi:10.5465/AMR.1984.4279673
Grunberg, L., Moore, S.Y., & Greenberg, E. (2001). Differences in psychological and physical health among layoff survivors: The effect of layoff contact. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(1), 15-25. doi: 10.1111/joop.12061
Hartley, J., Jacobson, D., Klandermans, B., & van Vuuren, T. (1991). Job insecurity: Coping with jobs at risk. London: Sage.
Hellgren, J., Sverke, M., & Isaksson, K. (1999). A two- dimensional approach to job insecurity: Consequences for employee attitudes and well-being. European Journal of Work and Organization Psychology, 8(2), 179-195.
Hopkins, J., & Gardner, L. (2012). The mediating role of work engagement and burnout in the relationship between job characteristics and psychological distress among lawyers. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 41(1), 59-68.
Howard, A. (1995). The changing nature of work. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Inoue, A., ·Kawakami, N., Ishizaki, M., Shimazu, A., Tsuchiya, M., Tabata, M., Akiyama, M., Kitazume, A., & Kuroda, M. (2010). Organizational justice, psychological distress, and work engagement in Japanese workers. International Archives of Occupational Environment & Health, 83, 29-38. doi: 10.1007/s00420-009-0485-7
Jick, T.D. (1985). As the axe fails: Budget cuts and the experience of stress in organizations. En T.A. Beehr & R.S. Bhagat (Eds.), Human stress and cognition in organizations: An integrated perspective (pp.83-114). New York: Wiley.
Jing, L., & Probst, T.M. (2014). Organizational communication: A buffer in times of job insecurity? Economic and Industrial Democracy, 35(3), 557-579. doi: 10.1177/0143831X13489356
Jose, P.E. (2013). Doing statistical mediation and moderation. New York: The Guilford Press.
Kiefer, T. (2005). Feeling bad: Antecedents and consequences of negative emotions in ongoing change. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 875-897. doi: 10.1002/ job.339
Kinnunen, U., Mauno, S., Nätti, J., & Happonen, M. (1999). Perceived job insecurity: A longitudinal study among Finish employees. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 243-260. doi: 10.1080/135943299398348
Kozlowski, S., Chao, G., Smith, E., & Hedlund, J. (1993). Organisational downsizing: strategies, interventions, and research implications. En C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 263-332). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Mauno, S., Kinnunen, U., & Ruokolainen, M. (2007). Job demands and resources as antecedents of work engagement: A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70, 149-171. doi: 10.1016/j. jvb.2006.09.002
Mohr, G.B. (2000). The changing significance of different stressors after the announcement of bankruptcy: A longitudinal investigation with special emphasis on job insecurity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 337–359. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(200005)21:3<337: AID-JOB18>3.0.CO;2-G
Noer, D. (1993). Healing the wounds: Overcoming the trauma of layoffs and revitalizing downsized organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Nolan, J. (2002). The intensification of everyday life. In B. Burchell, D. Ladipo & F. Wilkinson (Eds.), Job insecurity and work intensification (pp.112-136). London: Routledge.
Nolan, J. (2009). Working to live, not living to work: An exploratory study of the relationship between men's work orientation and job insecurity in the UK. Gender, Work and Organization, 16, 179-197. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2008. 00426.x
Orpen, C. (1994). The effect of self-esteem and personal control on the relationship between job insecurity and psychological well-being. Social Behavior and Personality, 22(1), 53-56. doi: 10.2224/sbp.1994.22.1.53
Otto, K., & Dalbert, C. (2013). Are insecure jobs as bad for mental health and occupational commitment as unemployment? Equal threat or down-ward spiral. Horizons of Psychology, 22, 27-38. doi:10.20419/2013.22.375
Rocha, C., Hause Crowell, J., & McCarter, A.K. (2006). The effects of prolonged job insecurity on the psychological well-being of workers. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 33 (3), 9-28.
Rodríguez Montalbán, R., Martínez Lugo, M.E., & Andújar Rojas, C.A. (2011, marzo). Análisis de las propiedades de la Escala de Engagement en el Trabajo de Utrecht en un grupo de empleados/as en Puerto Rico. Ponencia presentada en el Primer Congreso de Psicología Industrial Organizacional de Puerto Rico: “Acciones Estratégicas para la Gestión del Capital Humano”, Ponce, Puerto Rico.
Rosario-Hernández, E., & Rovira Millán, L.V. (2014). Desarrollo y validación de la Escala de Inseguridad Laboral. Ciencias de la Conducta, 29(1), 63-83.
Rosenblatt, Z., Talmud, I., & Ruvio, A. (1999). A gender- based framework of the experience of job insecurity and its effects on work attitudes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 197-217. doi: 10.1080/135943299398320
Roskies, E., & Louis-Guerin, C. (1990). Job insecurity in managers: Antecedents and consequences. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11(5), 345-359. doi: 10.1002/ job.4030110503
Roskies, E., Louis-Guerin, C., & Fournier, C. (1993). Coping with job insecurity: How does personality make a difference? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 617- 630. doi: 10.1002/job.4030140702
Rugulies, R., Aust, B., Burr, H., & Bultmann, U. (2008). Job insecurity, chances on the labour market and decline in self-rated health in a representative sample of the Danish workforce. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 62, 245-250. doi:10.1136/ jech.2006.059113
Salanova, M., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2009). El engagement de los empleados: Cuando el trabajo se convierte en pasión. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Schaufeli, W.B., & Bakker, A.B. (2003). Utrecht Work Engagement Scale: preliminary manual. Utrecht: Occupational Health Psychology Unit, Utrecht University. Recuperado de http://www.wilmarschaufeli. nl/publications/Schaufeli/Test%20Manuals/Test_ manual_UWES_English.pdf
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 25, 293-315. doi: 10.1002/ job.248
Schaufeli, W.B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Bakker, A.B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71-92. doi:10.1023/A:1015630930326
Sonnentag, S., Binnewies, C., & Mojza, E.J. (2010). Staying well and engaged when demands are high: the role
of psychological detachment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 965-976. doi:.10.1037/a0020032
Sverke, M., & Hellgren, J. (2001). Exit, voice, and loyalty reactions to job insecurity in Sweden: Do unionized and non-unionized employees differ? British Journal of Industrial Relations, 39, 167-182. doi: 10.1111/1467- 8543.00195
Sverke, M., Hellgren, J., & Näswall, K. (2002). No security: A meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(3), 242- 64. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.7.3.242
Vander Elst, T., Bosman, J., De Cuyper, N., Stouten, J., & de Witte, H. (2013). Does positive affect buffer the associations between job insecurity and work engagement and psychological distress? A test among South African workers. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 62 (4), 558-570.doi: 10.1111/ j.1464-0597.2012. 00499.x
Wang, H.-J., Lu, C.-Q., & Siu, O.-l. (2014). Job insecurity and job performance: The moderating role of organizational justice and the mediating role of work engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 9-10. doi:.10.1037/ a0038330
