Early Studies of Psychic Phenomena: The Contributions of Psychologist and Psychiatrists
Palabras clave:
Historia de la investigación psíquica, historia de la psicología, mente subconsciente, telepatía, mediumnidadResumen
El propósito de este artículo es presentar un poco de perspectiva histórica en relación al interés actual sobre fenómenos psíquicos tales como la percepción extrasensorial y la mediumnidad, y sostener que la investigación y la teorización sobre estos fenómenos afectaron a la psiquiatría y a la psicología. Esto incluye las ideas sobre acción automática de los nervios de George M. Beard William B. Carpenter, los conceptos del subconsciente de Frederic W.H. Myers y de William James, los estudios de telepatía y clarividencia de Edmund Gurney y de Charles Richet, y las ideas de psicopatología en los médiums de Pierre Janet y Joseph Grasset. Algunas de estas personas explicaban los fenómenos como el producto de procesos normales tales como la disociación, mientras otros creían que los fenómenos requerían explicaciones diferentes a las ofrecidas por la ciencia. Junto con otros factores, la investigación y la teorización sobre los fenómenos psíquicos contribuyó al desarrollo de aspectos de la psiquiatría y de la psicología, tales como la elaboración del concepto de la mente subconsciente.
Citas
Alvarado, C. S. (1993). Gifted subjects’ contributions to psychical research: The case of Eusapia Palladino. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 59, 269–292.
Alvarado, C.S. (2002). Dissociation in Britain during the late nineteenth century: The Society for Psychical Research, 1882-1900. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 3, 9-33.
Alvarado, C.S. (2010). Classic text No. 84: ‘Divisions of personality and spiritism’ by Alfred Binet (1896). History of Psychiatry, 21, 487-500.
Alvarado, C.S. (2014a). Mediumship, psychical research, dissociation, and the powers of the subconscious mind. Journal of Parapsychology, 78, 98–114.
Alvarado, C.S. (2014b). G. Stanley Hall on “Mystic or Borderline Phenomena.” Journal of Scientific Exploration, 28, 75-93.
Alvarado, C.S. (2016). Classic Text No. 105: ‘Report of the Committee on Mediumistic Phenomena,’ by William James (1886). History of Psychiatry, 27, 85-100.
Alvarado, C.S. (2017). Telepathy, mediumship and psychology: Psychical research at the international congresses of psychology, 1889–1905. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 31, 255-292.
Alvarado, C.S., & Biondi, M. (2017). Classic Text No. 110: Cesare Lombroso on mediumship and pathology. History of Psychiatry, 28, 225–241.
Alvarado, C.S., & Krippner, S. (2010). Nineteenth century pioneers in the study of dissociation: William James and psychical research. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 17, 19-43.
Alvarado, C,S, Maraldi, E. de O., Machado, F.R., & Zangari, W. (2014). Théodore Flournoy’s contributions to psychical research. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 78, 149-168.
Alvarado, C.S., & Martínez-Taboas, A (2002). Parapsicología: Mitos y falacias que todo psicólogo debe reconocer. Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 13, 99-125.
Alvarado, C.S., & Zingrone, N.L. (2012). Classic Text No. 90: ‘The Pathology and Treatment of Mediomania’, by Frederic Rowland Marvin (1874). History of Psychiatry, 23, 229–244.
Anonymous. (1882). Objects of the Society. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 1, 3-6.
Ballet, G. (1913). La psychose hallucinatoire chronique et la désagrégation de la personnalité. L’Encéphale, 8, 501-519.
Barrett, W.F., Keep, A.P.P., Massey, C.C., Wedgwood, H., Podmore, F., & Pease, E.R. (1883). First report of the Committee on Haunted Houses. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 1, 101-115.
Beard, G.M. (1879). The psychology of spiritualism. North American Review, 129, 65-80.
Beloff, J. (1993). Parapsychology: A concise history. London: Athlone Press.
Binet, A. (1892). Les altérations de la personnalité. Paris: Félix Alcan.
Biondi, M. (1988). Tavoli e medium: Storia dello spiritismo in Italia. Rome: Gremese.
Bordogna, F. (2008). William James at the boundaries: Philosophy, science, and the geography of knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Braude, A. (2001). Radical spirits: Spiritualism and women’s rights in nineteenth-century America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Brown, E.M. (1983). Neurology and spiritualism in the 1870s. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 37, 563-577.
Burkhardt, F.H. (Ed.). (1986). Essays in psychical research (The Works of William James, Vol. 16). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Cardeña, E., Palmer, J., & Marcusson-Clavertz, D. (Eds.). (2015). Parapsychology: A handbook for the 21st century. Jefferson, NC: McFarland
Carpenter, W.B. (1853). Electro-biology and mesmerism. Quarterly Review, 93, 501-557.
Carpenter, W.B. (1876). On the fallacies of testimony in relation to the supernatural. Contemporary Review, 27, 279-295.
Carpenter, W.B. (1877). Mesmerism and spiritualism, &c. historically and scientifically considered. London: Longmans and Green.
Cerullo, J.J. (1982). The secularization of the soul: Psychical research in modern Britain. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues.
Chevreul, E.M. (1854). De la baguette divinatoire, du pendule dit explorateur et des tables tournantes. Paris: Mallet- Bachelier.
Coon, D.J. (1992). Testing the limits of sense and science: American experimental psychologists combat spiritualism, 1880-1920. American Psychologist, 47, 143-151.
Crabtree, A. (1993). From Mesmer to Freud: Magnetic sleep and the roots of psychological healing. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Duhem, P. (1904). Contribution a l’étude de la folie chez les spirites. Paris: G. Steinheil.
Ellenberger, H. F. (1970). The discovery of the unconscious: The history and evolution of dynamic psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
Faraday, M. (1853). Professor Faraday on table-moving. The Athenaeum, 1340, 801-803.
Flournoy, T. (1899). Genèse de quelques prétendus messages spirites. Revue Philosophique de la France et de l’Étranger, 47, 144-158.
Flournoy, T. (1900). From India to the planet Mars: A study of a case of somnambulism. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Flournoy, T. (1911). Spiritism and psychology. New York: Harper and Brothers.
Fodor, N. (1971). Freud, Jung and occultism. New Hyde Park, NY: University Press.
Gauld, A. (1968). The founders of psychical research. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Gauld, A. (1992). A history of hypnotism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gauld, A. (1996). Notes on the career of the somnambule Léonie. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 61, 141-151.
Gley, G. (1886). A propos d’une observation de sommeil provoqué a distance. Revue Philosophique de la France et de l’Étranger, 21, 425-428.
Gilles de la Tourette, G. (1887). L’hypnotisme et les états analogues au point de vue médico-legal. Paris: E. Plon, Nourrit.
Grasset, J. (1904). Le spiritisme devant la science (rev. ed.). Montpellier: Coulet.
Gurney, E. (1887). Stages of hypnotic memory. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 4, 515-531.
Gurney, E. (1888). Recent experiments in hypnotism. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 5, 317.
Gurney, E., Myers, F.W.H., & Podmore, F. (1886). Phantasms of the living (2 vols.). London: Trübner.
Guthrie, M., & Birchall, J. (1883). Record of experiments in thought-transference. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 1, 263-283.
Gutierez, G., & Maillard, N. (2004). Les aventuriers de l'esprit. Paris: Presses du Châtelet.
Hacking, I. (1988). Telepathy: Origins of randomisation in experimental design. Isis, 79, 427-451.
Hamilton, T. (2009). Immortal longings: F.W.H. Myers and the Victorian search for life after death. Exeter: Imprint Academic.
Hammond, W.A. (1870). The physics and physiology of Spiritualism. North American Review, 110, 233-260.
Héricourt, J. (1886). Un cas de somnambulisme à distance. Revue Philosophique de la France et de l’Étranger, 21, 200-203.
Hodgson, R. (1892). A record of observations of certain phenomena of trance. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 8, 1-167.
Inglis, B. (1977). Natural and supernatural: A history of the paranormal from earliest times to 1914. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
James, W. (1886). Report of the Committee on Mediumistic Phenomena. Proceedings of the American Society for Psychical Research, 1, 102-106.
James, W. (1890a). The hidden self. Scribner’s Magazine, 7, 361-173.
James, W. (1890b). A record of observations of certain phenomena of trance (5). Part III. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 6, 651-659.
James, W. (1902). The varieties of religious experience: A study in human nature. New York: Longmans, Green.
Janet, P. (1889). L’automatisme psychologique: Essai de psychologie expérimentale sur les formes inférieures de l’activité humaine. Paris: Félix Alcan.
Janet, P. (1892). Le spiritisme contemporain. Revue Philosophique de la France et de l'Étranger, 33, 413-442.
Janet, P. (1930). Autobiography of Pierre Janet. In
C. Murchison (Ed.), A history of psychology in autobiography (pp. 123-133). Worcester, MA: Clark University Press.
Janet, P. (1968a). Report on some phenomena of somnambulism. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 4, 124-131. (Original work published, 1885).
Janet, P. (1968b). Second observation of sleep provoked from a distance and the mental suggestion during the somnambulistic state. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 4, 258-267. (Original work published, 1886).
Junior, A.S., Araujo, S. de., & Moreira-Almeida, A. (2013). William James and psychical research: Towards a
radical science of mind. History of Psychiatry, 24, 62-78.
Kelly E.W. (2007). F. W. H. Myers and the empirical study of the mind-body problem. In E. Kelly, E.W. Kelly,
A. Crabtree, A. Gauld, A. Grosso, & B. Greyson, (Eds.), Irreducible mind: Toward a psychology for the 21st Century (pp. 47-115). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Knapp, K.D. (2017). William James, psychical research, and the challenge of modernity. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Le Maléfan, P. (1999). Folie et spiritisme: Histoire du discourse psychopathologique sur la pratique du spiritisme, ses abords et ses avatars (1850-1950). Paris: L’Hartmattan.
Lévy-Valensi, J. (1910). Spiritisme et folie. L’encéphale, 5, 696-716.
Lodge, O. (1890). A record of observations of certain phenomena of trance (2). Part I. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 6, 443557.
Lombroso, C. (1892). Le spiritisme et la psychiatrie: Explication psychiatrique de certains faits spirites. Annales des Sciences Psychiques, 2, 143-151.
Lombroso, C. (1909). After death — what? Spiritistic phenomena and their interpretation. Boston: Small, Maynard.
Luckhurst, R. (2002). The invention of telepathy 1870-1901. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
May, E.C., & Marwaha, S.B. (Eds.). (2015). Extrasensory perception: Support, skepticism, and science (2 vols.). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
Moreira-Almeida, A., Almeida, A.A.S., & Lotufo Neto, F. (2005). History of “spiritist madness” in Brazil. History of Psychiatry, 16, 5-25.
Morselli, E. (1908). Psicologia e “spiritismo:” Impressioni e note critiche sui fenomeni medianici di Eusapia
Paladino (2 vols.). Turin: Fratelli Bocca.
Myers, F. W. H. (1884). On a telepathic explanation of some socalled spiritualistic phenomena: Part I. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 2, 217-237.
Myers, F. W. H. (1885). Automatic writing. II. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 3, 163.
Myers, F. W. H. (1886). On telepathic hypnotism, and its relation to other forms of hypnotic suggestion. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 4, 127-188.
Myers, F. W. H. (1887). Multiplex personality. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 4, 496-514.
Myers, F. W. H. (1890). A record of observations of certain phenomena of trance (1). Introduction. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 6, 436-442.
Myers, F.W.H. (1892a). The subliminal consciousness: Chapter I. General characteristics of subliminal messages. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 7, 298-327.
Myers, F. W. H. (1892b). The subliminal consciousness: Chapter V: Sensory automatism and induced hallucinations. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 8, 436-535.
Myers, F.W.H. (1893). The subliminal consciousness: Chapter VII: Motor automatism. Proceedings of the Society for
Psychical Research, 9, 26-128.
Myers, F. W. H. (1903). Human personality and its survival of bodily death (2 vols.). London: Longmans, Green.
Oppenheim, J. (1985). The other world: Spiritualism and psychical research in England, 1850-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Plas, R. (2000). Naissance d’une science humaine: La psychologie: Les psychologues et le “merveilleux psychique.” Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes.
Podmore, F. (1889). Phantasms of the dead from another point of view. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 6, 229-313.
Richet, C. (1883). La personnalité et la mémoire dans le somnambulisme. Revue Philosophique de la France et de l’Étranger, 15, 225-242.
Richet, C. (1884). La suggestion mentale et le calcul des probabilités. Revue Philosophique de la France et de l’Étranger, 18, 609-674.
Richet, C. (1888). Relation de diverses expériences sur la transmission mentale, la lucidité, et autres phénomènes non explicables par les données scientifiques actuelles. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 5, 18-168.
Richet, C. (1889). Further experiments in hypnotic lucidity or clairvoyance. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 6, 6683.
Richet, C. (n.d.). Our sixth sense. London: Rider.
Sage, M. (1904). Mrs. Piper and the Society for Psychical Research. New York: Scott-Thaw.
Shamdasani, S. (1993). Automatic writing and the discovery of the unconscious. Spring, 54, 100-131.
Sharp, L.L. (2006). Secular spirituality: Reincarnation and Spiritism in nineteenth-century France. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Sommer, A. (2012). Psychical research and the origins of American psychology: Hugo Münsterberg, William James, and Eusapia Palladino. History of the HumanSciences, 25, 23-44.
Sommer, A. (2013). Crossing the boundaries of mind and body: Psychical research and the origins of modern psychology. (Doctoral dissertation). University College London, London. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316232381_Crossing_the_boundaries_of_mind_and_body_Psychical_research_and_the_origins_of_modern_psychology
Storm, L., Tressoldi, P. E., & Di Risio, L. (2010). Meta- analyses of free-response studies 1992-2008: Assessing the noise reduction model in parapsychology.Psychological Bulletin, 136, 471-485.
Taves, A. (2014). A tale of two congresses: The psychological study of psychical, occult, and religious phenomena,
–1909. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 50, 376-399.
Taylor, E. (1982). William James on exceptional mental states: The 1896 Lowell lectures. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Taylor, E. (1996). William James on consciousness beyond the margin. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Tymn, M. (2013). Resurrecting Leonora Piper: How science discovered the afterlife. Guildford, UK: White Crow Books.
Van der Hart, O., & Friedman, B. (1989). A reader's guide to Pierre Janet on dissociation: A neglected intellectual heritage. Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders, 2, 3-16.
Wolf, S. (1993). Brain, mind and medicine: Charles Richet and the origins of physiological psychology. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Wundt, W. (1879). Spiritualism as a scientific question: An open letter to Professor Hermann Ulrich, of Halle. Popular Science Monthly, 15, 577-593.
Zingrone, N.L., & Alvarado, C.S. (2015). A brief history of psi research. In E.C. May & S.B. Marwaha (Eds.), Extrasensory perception: Support, skepticism, and science: Vol. 1: History, controversy, and research (pp. 35-79). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
